Recent Advances in Graphene Oxide: Biomedical Applications, Electrochemical Energy Storage and Emerging Perspectives: A short Review
Author(s): Manisha K. Borse, Vasant G. Wagh, Arun V. Patil
Publication #: 2608029
Date of Publication: 09.09.2025
Country: India
Pages: 1-14
Published In: Volume 11 Issue 5 September-2025
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an important two-dimensional nanomaterial because of its large specific surface area, abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, hydrophilicity, tunable surface chemistry, mechanical strength, optical properties and facile functionalization. In biomedical research, GO has attracted considerable attention for drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, cancer therapy, antimicrobial treatment, tissue engineering, wound healing and regenerative medicine. In battery electrodes, GO has been investigated as an electrochemically active material and as a functional component of composite electrodes for lithium-ion, sodium-ion and lithium–sulfur batteries. GO also presents important challenges, including relatively low electrical conductivity, irreversible electrochemical reactions, aggregation, structural heterogeneity, batch-to-batch variation and concentration-, size- and surface-chemistry-dependent biological toxicity. In biomedical applications, long-term biocompatibility, biodegradation and immune responses require systematic evaluation. In battery applications, control over oxidation degree, functional-group distribution, electrode architecture and mass loading remains essential for obtaining reproducible electrochemical performance. This review comprehensively discusses the synthesis, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, functionalization strategies, biomedical applications and battery-electrode applications of GO. Particular emphasis is placed on structure–property relationships, mechanisms of action, recent advances, limitations and future research directions. The review highlights the importance of precise control over GO chemistry and morphology for developing safe, efficient and application-specific GO-based technologies.
Keywords: Graphene oxide; two-dimensional nanomaterial; surface functionalization; biosensors; batteries; electrode materials; electrochemical energy storage.
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