JUSTICE DELAYED, LIBERTY DENIED: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CASE BACKLOGS ON UNDERTRIAL PRISONERS’ RIGHTS IN INDIA
Author(s): Nidhi Sudan, Dr. Varsha Dhabhai
Publication #: 2510003
Date of Publication: 04.10.2025
Country: India
Pages: 1-9
Published In: Volume 11 Issue 5 October-2025
Abstract
The Indian criminal justice system faces a persistent challenge in addressing the rights of undertrial prisoners, who constitute a significant portion of the prison population. One of the most pressing issues is the impact of case backlogs on their liberty and dignity. The adage “justice delayed is justice denied” finds stark resonance in the plight of these individuals, many of whom languish in prisons for years without trial. This research critically examines how judicial delays and systemic inefficiencies exacerbate the conditions of undertrial prisoners, thereby violating their fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Drawing from an empirical study of judicial functioning in Delhi’s High Court and District Courts, the paper explores the correlation between pendency of cases, denial of bail, and prolonged incarceration. It highlights the human rights implications of overcrowded prisons, mental health deterioration, and socio-economic hardships faced by undertrials and their families. Furthermore, the research engages with international human rights standards and comparative perspectives to evaluate whether India’s current legal framework adequately protects undertrial prisoners. By combining doctrinal analysis with empirical findings, the paper proposes judicial, legislative, and administrative reforms to reduce pendency, strengthen bail jurisprudence, and ensure speedy justice. The study underscores the urgent need for systemic interventions to transform the justice delivery system into one that upholds both fairness and efficiency.
Keywords: Undertrial Prisoners, Case Backlogs, Bail, Criminal Justice System, Article 21, Human Rights
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